Natural Language View: GFO-basic-EL

ABSTRACT (class)

Typology	An abstract is an individual.
Distinctions	No abstract is a space time, or a concrete.

AMOUNT OF SUBSTRATE (class)

Typology

An amount of substrate is a presential.

CATEGORY (class)

CHANGE (class)

Typology	A change is an occurrent.
Examples	Discrete changes, and continuous changes are changes.
Distinctions	No change is a history, or an event.

CHRONOID (class)

Typology

A chronoid is a temporal region.

COINCIDES WITH (object property)

Other

No information.

CONCEPT (class)

Typology	A concept is a category.
Distinctions	No concept is an universal, or a symbol structure.

CONCRETE (class)

Typology	A concrete is an individual.
Description	If X has as token Y then Y is a concrete. If X is token of Y then X is a concrete.
Examples	The following are concretes: processual structures, presentials, and perpetuants.
Distinctions	No abstract is a concrete. No concrete is a space time.

CONTINUOUS CHANGE (class)

Typology	A continuous change is a change.
Distinctions	No continuous change is a discrete change.

CONTINUOUS PROCESS (class)

Typology

A continuous process is a process.

DEPENDS ON (object property)

Description

The property "is boundary of" is a sub-property of "depends on".

The property "depends on" is transitive.

DISCRETE CHANGE (class)

Typology	A discrete change is a change.
Distinctions	No continuous change is a discrete change.

DISCRETE PROCESS (class)

Typology

A discrete process is a process.

ENTITY (class)

Definition

An entity is defined as a thing.

Description

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is an entity: "plays role", "is instance of", "has as role" and "has as property".

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is an entity: "is role of", "is played by" and "is instantiated by".

EVENT (class)

Typology

An event is an occurrent.

Distinctions

No change is an event.

No event is a history.

EXHIBITS (object property)

Description

If X exhibits Y then Y is a presential.

If X exhibits Y then X is a perpetuant.

EXISTS AT (object property)

Description

If X exists at Y then Y is a time boundary.

If X exists at Y then X is a presential.

FRAMES (object property)

Description

The property "is occupied by" is a sub-property of "frames".

If X frames Y then Y is a presential.

If X frames Y then X is a space.

HAS AS BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology	The property "has as boundary" is a sub-property of "is necessary for".
Description	The following properties are sub-properties of "has as boundary": "has as time boundary" and "has as spatial boundary".

HAS AS LEFT TIME BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology	The property "has as left time boundary" is a sub-property of "has as time boundary".
Description	If X has as left time boundary Y then Y is a left time boundary.

HAS AS PART (object property)

Typology

The property "has as part" is a sub-property of "is abstract has part".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "has as part": "has as temporal part" and "has as proper part".

The property "has as part" is transitive.

HAS AS PARTICIPANT (object property)

Description

If X has as participant Y then X is a processual structure.

HAS AS PROPER PART (object property)

Typology	The property "has as proper part" is a sub-property of "has as part".
Description	The property "has as proper part" is transitive.

HAS AS PROPERTY (object property)

Description

If X has as property Y then Y is a property.

If X has as property Y then X is an entity.

HAS AS RIGHT TIME BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology	The property "has as right time boundary" is a sub-property of "has as time boundary".
Description	If X has as right time boundary Y then Y is a right time boundary.

HAS AS ROLE (object property)

Typology

The property "has as role" is a sub-property of "is abstract has part".

Description

If X has as role Y then Y is a role.

If X has as role Y then X is an entity.

HAS AS SPATIAL BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology

The property "has as spatial boundary" is a sub-property of "has as boundary".

Description

If X has as spatial boundary Y then Y is a spatial boundary.

If X has as spatial boundary Y then X is a space.

HAS AS TEMPORAL PART (object property)

Typology

The property "has as temporal part" is a sub-property of "has as part".

HAS AS TIME BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology

The property "has as time boundary" is a sub-property of "has as boundary".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "has as time boundary": "has as right time boundary" and "has as left time boundary".

If X has as time boundary Y then Y is a time boundary.

If X has as time boundary Y then X is a temporal region.

HAS AS TOKEN (object property)

Typology

The property "has as token" is a sub-property of "is instantiated by".

Description

If X has as token Y then Y is a concrete.

If X has as token Y then X is a symbol structure.

HISTORY (class)

Typology	A history is an occurrent.
Distinctions	No events or changes are histories.

INDIVIDUAL (class)

Examples	The following are individuals: space times, roles and relators, and so on (6 items in total).
Distinctions	No category is an individual.

IS ABSTRACT HAS PART (object property)

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is abstract has part": "has as role" and "has as part".

IS ABSTRACT PART OF (object property)

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is abstract part of": "is role of" and "is part of".

The property "is abstract part of" is transitive.

IS BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology	The property "is boundary of" is a sub-property of "depends on".
Description	The following properties are sub-properties of "is boundary of": "is time boundary of" and "is spatial boundary of".

IS FRAMED BY (object property)

Description

The property "occupies" is a sub-property of "is framed by".

If X is framed by Y then Y is a space.

If X is framed by Y then X is a presential.

IS INSTANCE OF (object property)

Description

The property "is token of" is a sub-property of "is instance of".

If X is instance of Y then Y is a category.

If X is instance of Y then X is an entity.

IS INSTANTIATED BY (object property)

Description

The property "has as token" is a sub-property of "is instantiated by".

If X is instantiated by Y then Y is an entity.

If X is instantiated by Y then X is a category.

IS LEFT BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is left boundary of" is a sub-property of "is time boundary of".

IS NECESSARY FOR (object property)

Description

The property "has as boundary" is a sub-property of "is necessary for".

The property "is necessary for" is transitive.

IS OCCUPIED BY (object property)

Typology

The property "is occupied by" is a sub-property of "frames".

Description

If X is occupied by Y then Y is a presential.

If X is occupied by Y then X is a space.

IS PART OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is part of" is a sub-property of "is abstract part of".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is part of": "is temporal part of" and "is proper part of".

The property "is part of" is transitive.

IS PLAYED BY (object property)

Description

If X is played by Y then Y is an entity.

If X is played by Y then X is a role.

IS PROJECTION OF (object property)

Description

If X is projection of Y then X is a time.

IS PROPER PART OF (object property)

Typology	The property "is proper part of" is a sub-property of "is part of".
Description	The property "is proper part of" is transitive.

IS PROPERTY OF (object property)

Description

If X is property of Y then X is a property.

IS RIGHT BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is right boundary of" is a sub-property of "is time boundary of".

IS ROLE OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is role of" is a sub-property of "is abstract part of".

Description

If X is role of Y then Y is an entity.

If X is role of Y then X is a role.

IS SPATIAL BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is spatial boundary of" is a sub-property of "is boundary of".

Description

If X is spatial boundary of Y then Y is a space.

If X is spatial boundary of Y then X is a spatial boundary.

IS TEMPORAL PART OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is temporal part of" is a sub-property of "is part of".

Description

If X is temporal part of Y then X is a time.

The property "is temporal part of" is transitive.

IS TIME BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is time boundary of" is a sub-property of "is boundary of".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is time boundary of": "is right boundary of" and "is left boundary of".

If X is time boundary of Y then Y is a temporal region.

If X is time boundary of Y then X is a time boundary.

IS TOKEN OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is token of" is a sub-property of "is instance of".

Description

If X is token of Y then Y is a symbol structure.

If X is token of Y then X is a concrete.

LEFT TIME BOUNDARY (class)

Definition	A left time boundary is defined as a time boundary that is left boundary of a chronoid.
Typology	A left time boundary is a time boundary.
Description	If X has as left time boundary Y then Y is a left time boundary.
Distinctions	No left time boundary is a right time boundary.

LINE (class)

Definition	A line is defined as something that is spatial boundary of a surface.
Typology	A line is a spatial boundary.

MATERIAL BOUNDARY (class)

Typology	A material boundary is a presential.
Description	A material boundary both is framed by a spatial boundary, and depends on a material object.
Distinctions	No material boundary is a material object.

MATERIAL OBJECT (class)

Typology	A material object is a presential.
Description	A material object is framed by a topoid.
Distinctions	No material boundary is a material object.

OCCUPIES (object property)

Typology

The property "occupies" is a sub-property of "is framed by".

Description

If X occupies Y then Y is a space.

If X occupies Y then X is a presential.

OCCURRENT (class)

Typology	An occurrent is a processual structure.
Examples	The following are occurrents: histories, events, and changes.
Distinctions	No occurrent is a process.

PARTICIPATES IN (object property)

Description

If X participates in Y then Y is a processual structure.

PERPETUANT (class)

Typology	A perpetuant is a concrete.
Description	If X exhibits Y then X is a perpetuant.

PLAYS ROLE (object property)

Description

If X plays role Y then Y is a role.

If X plays role Y then X is an entity.

POINT (class)

Definition	A point is defined as something that is spatial boundary of a line.
Typology	A point is a spatial boundary.

PRESENTIAL (class)

Typology	A presential is a concrete.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a presential: "is occupied by", "frames" and "exhibits". If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a presential: "occupies", "is framed by" and "exists at". A presential exists at a time boundary.
Others	A property that is property of a presential is a presential.
Examples	The following are presentials: material objects, material boundaries, and amounts of substrate.
Distinctions	No presential is a processual structure.

PROCESS (class)

Typology	A process is a processual structure.
Description	A process projects to a temporal region.
Examples	The following are process: states, processual roles and discrete process, and so on (4 items in total).
Distinctions	No occurrent is a process.

PROCESSUAL ROLE (class)

Typology	A processual role is both a role, and a process.
Description	A processual role is role of a process.
Distinctions	No processual role is a social role, or a relational role.

PROCESSUAL STRUCTURE (class)

Typology	A processual structure is a concrete.
Description	If X participates in Y then Y is a processual structure. If X has as participant Y then X is a processual structure.
Examples	Process, and occurrents are processual structures.
Distinctions	No presential is a processual structure.

PROJECTS TO (object property)

Description

If X projects to Y then Y is a time.

PROPERTY (class)

Typology	A property is an individual.
Description	If X has as property Y then Y is a property. If X is property of Y then X is a property.
Examples	A relational role is a property.
Distinctions	No property is a relator.

RELATIONAL ROLE (class)

Typology

A relational role is both a role, and a property.

Description

A relational role both is role of a relator, and is played by an entity.

Distinctions

No processual role is a relational role.

No relational role is a social role.

RELATOR (class)

Typology	A relator is an individual.
Distinctions	No property is a relator.

RIGHT TIME BOUNDARY (class)

Definition	A right time boundary is defined as a time boundary that is right boundary of a chronoid.
Typology	A right time boundary is a time boundary.
Description	If X has as right time boundary Y then Y is a right time boundary.
Distinctions	No left time boundary is a right time boundary.

ROLE (class)

Typology

A role is an individual.

Description

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a role: "plays role" and "has as role".

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a role: "is role of" and "is played by".

Examples

The following are roles: social roles, relational roles, and processual roles.

SOCIAL ROLE (class)

Typology	A social role is a role.
Distinctions	No relational roles or processual roles are social roles.

SPACE (class)

Typology	A space is a space time.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a space: "is spatial boundary of", "occupies" and "is framed by". If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a space: "is occupied by", "has as spatial boundary" and "frames".
Examples	Spatial regions, and spatial boundaries are spaces.
Distinctions	No space is a time.

SPACE TIME (class)

Typology	A space time is an individual.
Examples	Times, and spaces are space times.
Distinctions	No concretes or abstracts are space times.

SPATIAL BOUNDARY (class)

Definition	A spatial boundary is defined as something that is spatial boundary of a space.
Typology	A spatial boundary is a space.
Description	If X has as spatial boundary Y then Y is a spatial boundary. If X is spatial boundary of Y then X is a spatial boundary.
Examples	The following are spatial boundaries: surfaces, points, and lines.
Distinctions	No spatial boundary is a spatial region.

SPATIAL REGION (class)

Typology	A spatial region is a space.
Examples	A topoid is a spatial region.
Distinctions	No spatial boundary is a spatial region.

STATE (class)

Typology

A state is a process.

SURFACE (class)

Definition	A surface is defined as something that is spatial boundary of a topoid.
Typology	A surface is a spatial boundary.

SYMBOL STRUCTURE (class)

Typology

A symbol structure is a category.

Description

If X is token of Y then Y is a symbol structure.

If X has as token Y then X is a symbol structure.

Distinctions

No concept is a symbol structure.

No symbol structure is an universal.

TEMPORAL REGION (class)

Typology	A temporal region is a time.
Description	If X is time boundary of Y then Y is a temporal region. If X has as time boundary Y then X is a temporal region.
Examples	A chronoid is a temporal region.
Distinctions	No temporal region is a time boundary.

THING (class)

Others

An entity is defined as a thing.

TIME (class)

Typology	A time is a space time.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a time: "is temporal part of" and "is projection of". If X projects to Y then Y is a time.
Examples	Time boundaries, and temporal regions are times.
Distinctions	No space is a time.

TIME BOUNDARY (class)

Definition	A time boundary is defined as something that is time boundary of a temporal region.
Typology	A time boundary is a time.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a time boundary: "has as time boundary" and "exists at". If X is time boundary of Y then X is a time boundary.
Examples	Right time boundaries, and left time boundaries are time boundaries.
Distinctions	No temporal region is a time boundary.

TOPOID (class)

Typology

A topoid is a spatial region.

UNIVERSAL (class)

Typology	An universal is a category.
Distinctions	No symbol structures or concepts are universals.