Natural Language View: GFO-basic

ABSTRACT (class)

Typology	An abstract is an individual.
Distinctions	No abstract is a Space time entity, or a concrete.

AXIOM0 (class)

Definition	An axiom0 is defined as a property that is property of a presential.
Typology	An axiom0 is both a thing, and a presential.

CATEGORY (class)

CHANGE (class)

Typology	A change is an occurrent.
Examples	Discrete changes, and Continuous changes are changes.
Distinctions	No change is a history, or an event.

CHRONOID (class)

Typology	A chronoid is a Temporal region.
Description	A chronoid both has as right time boundary exactly one entity, and has as left time boundary exactly one entity.

COINCIDES WITH (object property)

Description

The property "coincides with" is symmetric.

Others

If X coincides with Y then Y is a Spatial boundary, or is a Time boundary.

If X coincides with Y then X is a Spatial boundary, or is a Time boundary.

CONCEPT (class)

Typology	A concept is a category.
Distinctions	No concept is an universal, or a Symbol structure.

CONCRETE (class)

Typology	A concrete is an individual.
Description	If X has as token Y then Y is a concrete. If X is token of Y then X is a concrete.
Examples	The following are concretes: Processual Structures, presentials, and perpetuants.
Distinctions	No abstract is a concrete. No concrete is a Space time entity.

CONTINUOUS CHANGE (class)

Typology	A Continuous change is a change.
Distinctions	No Continuous change is a Discrete change.

DEPENDS ON (object property)

Description

The property "is boundary of" is a sub-property of "depends on".

X depends on Y if and only if Y is necessary for X.

The property "depends on" is transitive.

DISCRETE CHANGE (class)

Typology	A Discrete change is a change.
Distinctions	No Continuous change is a Discrete change.

ENTITY (class)

Definition

An entity is defined as a thing.

Description

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is an entity: "plays role", "is instance of", "has as role" and "has as property".

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is an entity: "is role of", "is played by" and "is instantiated by".

EVENT (class)

Typology

An event is an occurrent.

Distinctions

No change is an event.

No event is a history.

EXHIBITS (object property)

Description

If X exhibits Y then Y is a presential.

If X exhibits Y then X is a perpetuant.

EXISTS AT (object property)

Description

If X exists at Y then Y is a Time boundary.

If X exists at Y then X is a presential.

The object property "exists at" is functional.

FRAMES (object property)

Description

The property "is occupied by" is a sub-property of "frames".

If X frames Y then Y is a presential.

If X frames Y then X is a Space entity.

X is framed by Y if and only if Y frames X.

HAS AS BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology

The property "has as boundary" is a sub-property of "is necessary for".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "has as boundary": "has as time boundary" and "has as spatial boundary".

X is boundary of Y if and only if Y has as boundary X.

The object property "has as boundary" is inverse-functional.

HAS AS LEFT TIME BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology

The property "has as left time boundary" is a sub-property of "has as time boundary".

Description

If X has as left time boundary Y then Y is a Left time boundary.

X has as left time boundary Y if and only if Y is left boundary of X.

The object property "has as left time boundary" is inverse-functional.

The object property "has as left time boundary" is functional.

HAS AS PARTICIPANT (object property)

Description

If X has as participant Y then X is a Processual Structure.

X has as participant Y if and only if Y participates in X.

Others

objectPropertyRange(objectProperty('http://www.onto-med.de/ontologies/gfo.owl#has_participant'), [objectComplementOf(class('http://www.onto-med.de/ontologies/gfo.owl#Space_time')), objectComplementOf(class('http://www.onto-med.de/ontologies/gfo.owl#Processual_Structure'))]).

HAS AS PROPER PART (object property)

Typology

The property "has as proper part" is a sub-property of "is has-part".

Description

X has as proper part Y if and only if Y is proper part of X.

The property "has as proper part" is transitive.

HAS AS PROPERTY (object property)

Description

If X has as property Y then Y is a property.

If X has as property Y then X is an entity.

X has as property Y if and only if Y is property of X.

The object property "has as property" is inverse-functional.

HAS AS RIGHT TIME BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology

The property "has as right time boundary" is a sub-property of "has as time boundary".

Description

If X has as right time boundary Y then Y is a Right time boundary.

X has as right time boundary Y if and only if Y is right boundary of X.

The object property "has as right time boundary" is inverse-functional.

The object property "has as right time boundary" is functional.

HAS AS ROLE (object property)

Typology

The property "has as role" is a sub-property of "is abstract has-part".

Description

If X has as role Y then Y is a role.

If X has as role Y then X is an entity.

X has as role Y if and only if Y is role of X.

HAS AS SPATIAL BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology

The property "has as spatial boundary" is a sub-property of "has as boundary".

Description

If X has as spatial boundary Y then Y is a Spatial boundary.

If X has as spatial boundary Y then X is a Space entity.

X has as spatial boundary Y if and only if Y is spatial boundary of X.

The object property "has as spatial boundary" is inverse-functional.

HAS AS TEMPORAL PART (object property)

Typology	The property "has as temporal part" is a sub-property of "is has-part".
Description	X has as temporal part Y if and only if Y is temporal part-of X.

HAS AS TIME BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology

The property "has as time boundary" is a sub-property of "has as boundary".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "has as time boundary": "has as right time boundary" and "has as left time boundary".

If X has as time boundary Y then Y is a Time boundary.

If X has as time boundary Y then X is a Temporal region.

X has as time boundary Y if and only if Y is time boundary of X.

The object property "has as time boundary" is inverse-functional.

HAS AS TOKEN (object property)

Typology

The property "has as token" is a sub-property of "is instantiated by".

Description

If X has as token Y then Y is a concrete.

If X has as token Y then X is a Symbol structure.

X has as token Y if and only if Y is token of X.

HISTORY (class)

Typology	A history is an occurrent.
Distinctions	No events or changes are histories.

INDIVIDUAL (class)

Examples	The following are individuals: Space time entities, roles and relators, and so on (6 items in total).
Distinctions	No category is an individual.

IS ABSTRACT HAS-PART (object property)

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is abstract has-part": "has as role" and "is has-part".

X is abstract part-of Y if and only if Y is abstract has-part X.

IS ABSTRACT PART-OF (object property)

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is abstract part-of": "is role of" and "is part of".

X is abstract part-of Y if and only if Y is abstract has-part X.

The property "is abstract part-of" is transitive.

IS BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is boundary of" is a sub-property of "depends on".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is boundary of": "is time boundary of" and "is spatial boundary of".

X is boundary of Y if and only if Y has as boundary X.

The object property "is boundary of" is functional.

IS FRAMED BY (object property)

Description

The property "occupies" is a sub-property of "is framed by".

If X is framed by Y then Y is a Space entity.

If X is framed by Y then X is a presential.

X is framed by Y if and only if Y frames X.

IS HAS-PART (object property)

Typology

The property "is has-part" is a sub-property of "is abstract has-part".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is has-part": "has as temporal part" and "has as proper part".

X is has-part Y if and only if Y is part of X.

The property "is has-part" is transitive.

IS INSTANCE OF (object property)

Description

The property "is token of" is a sub-property of "is instance of".

If X is instance of Y then Y is a category.

If X is instance of Y then X is an entity.

X is instance of Y if and only if Y is instantiated by X.

IS INSTANTIATED BY (object property)

Description

The property "has as token" is a sub-property of "is instantiated by".

If X is instantiated by Y then Y is an entity.

If X is instantiated by Y then X is a category.

X is instance of Y if and only if Y is instantiated by X.

IS LEFT BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is left boundary of" is a sub-property of "is time boundary of".

Description

X has as left time boundary Y if and only if Y is left boundary of X.

The object property "is left boundary of" is inverse-functional.

The object property "is left boundary of" is functional.

IS NECESSARY FOR (object property)

Description

The property "has as boundary" is a sub-property of "is necessary for".

X depends on Y if and only if Y is necessary for X.

The property "is necessary for" is transitive.

IS OCCUPIED BY (object property)

Typology

The property "is occupied by" is a sub-property of "frames".

Description

If X is occupied by Y then Y is a presential.

If X is occupied by Y then X is a Space entity.

X is occupied by Y if and only if Y occupies X.

The object property "is occupied by" is inverse-functional.

IS PART OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is part of" is a sub-property of "is abstract part-of".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is part of": "is temporal part-of" and "is proper part of".

X is has-part Y if and only if Y is part of X.

The property "is part of" is transitive.

Others

If X is part of Y then Y is a concrete, or is a Space time entity.

If X is part of Y then X is a concrete, or is a Space time entity.

IS PLAYED BY (object property)

Description

If X is played by Y then Y is an entity.

If X is played by Y then X is a role.

X is played by Y if and only if Y plays role X.

The object property "is played by" is functional.

IS PROJECTION OF (object property)

Description

If X is projection of Y then X is a Time entity.

X projects to Y if and only if Y is projection of X.

The object property "is projection of" is inverse-functional.

IS PROPER PART OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is proper part of" is a sub-property of "is part of".

Description

X has as proper part Y if and only if Y is proper part of X.

The property "is proper part of" is transitive.

IS PROPERTY OF (object property)

Description

If X is property of Y then X is a property.

X has as property Y if and only if Y is property of X.

IS RIGHT BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is right boundary of" is a sub-property of "is time boundary of".

Description

X has as right time boundary Y if and only if Y is right boundary of X.

The object property "is right boundary of" is inverse-functional.

The object property "is right boundary of" is functional.

IS ROLE OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is role of" is a sub-property of "is abstract part-of".

Description

If X is role of Y then Y is an entity.

If X is role of Y then X is a role.

X has as role Y if and only if Y is role of X.

IS SPATIAL BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is spatial boundary of" is a sub-property of "is boundary of".

Description

If X is spatial boundary of Y then Y is a Space entity.

If X is spatial boundary of Y then X is a Spatial boundary.

X has as spatial boundary Y if and only if Y is spatial boundary of X.

The object property "is spatial boundary of" is functional.

IS TEMPORAL PART-OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is temporal part-of" is a sub-property of "is part of".

Description

If X is temporal part-of Y then X is a Time entity.

X has as temporal part Y if and only if Y is temporal part-of X.

The property "is temporal part-of" is transitive.

Others

If X is temporal part-of Y then Y is a Time entity, and is not a Time boundary.

IS TIME BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is time boundary of" is a sub-property of "is boundary of".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is time boundary of": "is right boundary of" and "is left boundary of".

If X is time boundary of Y then Y is a Temporal region.

If X is time boundary of Y then X is a Time boundary.

X has as time boundary Y if and only if Y is time boundary of X.

The object property "is time boundary of" is functional.

IS TOKEN OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is token of" is a sub-property of "is instance of".

Description

If X is token of Y then Y is a Symbol structure.

If X is token of Y then X is a concrete.

X has as token Y if and only if Y is token of X.

LEFT TIME BOUNDARY (class)

Definition	A Left time boundary is defined as a Time boundary that is left boundary of a chronoid.
Description	If X has as left time boundary Y then Y is a Left time boundary.
Distinctions	No Left time boundary is a Right time boundary.

LINE (class)

Definition	A line is defined as something that is spatial boundary of a surface.
Typology	A line is a Spatial boundary.

MATERIAL BOUNDARY (class)

Typology	A Material boundary is a presential.
Description	A Material boundary both is framed by a Spatial boundary, and depends on a Material object.
Distinctions	No Material boundary is a Material object.

MATERIAL OBJECT (class)

Typology	A Material object is a presential.
Description	A Material object is framed by a topoid.
Distinctions	No Material boundary is a Material object.

OCCUPIES (object property)

Typology

The property "occupies" is a sub-property of "is framed by".

Description

If X occupies Y then Y is a Space entity.

If X occupies Y then X is a presential.

X is occupied by Y if and only if Y occupies X.

The object property "occupies" is functional.

OCCURRENT (class)

Typology	An occurrent is a Processual Structure.
Examples	The following are occurrents: histories, events, and changes.
Distinctions	No occurrent is a process.

PARTICIPATES IN (object property)

Description

If X participates in Y then Y is a Processual Structure.

X has as participant Y if and only if Y participates in X.

Others

objectPropertyDomain(objectProperty('http://www.onto-med.de/ontologies/gfo.owl#participates_in'), [objectComplementOf(class('http://www.onto-med.de/ontologies/gfo.owl#Space_time')), objectComplementOf(class('http://www.onto-med.de/ontologies/gfo.owl#Processual_Structure'))]).

PERPETUANT (class)

Typology	A perpetuant is a concrete.
Description	If X exhibits Y then X is a perpetuant.

PLAYS ROLE (object property)

Description

If X plays role Y then Y is a role.

If X plays role Y then X is an entity.

X is played by Y if and only if Y plays role X.

The object property "plays role" is inverse-functional.

POINT (class)

Definition	A point is defined as something that is spatial boundary of a line.
Typology	A point is a Spatial boundary.

PRESENTIAL (class)

Typology	A presential is a concrete.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a presential: "is occupied by", "frames" and "exhibits". If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a presential: "occupies", "is framed by" and "exists at". A presential exists at a Time boundary.
Examples	The following are presentials: axiom0s, Material objects and Material boundaries, and so on (4 items in total).
Distinctions	No presential is a Processual Structure.

PROCESS (class)

Typology	A process is a Processual Structure.
Description	A process projects to a Temporal region.
Examples	The following are process: states, Processual roles and Discrete process, and so on (4 items in total).
Distinctions	No occurrent is a process.

PROCESSUAL ROLE (class)

Typology	A Processual role is both a role, and a process.
Description	A Processual role is role of a process.
Distinctions	No Processual role is a Social role, or a Relational role.

PROCESSUAL STRUCTURE (class)

Typology	A Processual Structure is a concrete.
Description	If X participates in Y then Y is a Processual Structure. If X has as participant Y then X is a Processual Structure.
Examples	Process, and occurrents are Processual Structures.
Distinctions	No presential is a Processual Structure.

PROJECTS TO (object property)

Description

If X projects to Y then Y is a Time entity.

X projects to Y if and only if Y is projection of X.

The object property "projects to" is functional.

PROPERTY (class)

Typology	A property is an individual.
Description	If X has as property Y then Y is a property. If X is property of Y then X is a property.
Examples	A Relational role is a property.
Distinctions	No property is a relator.

RELATIONAL ROLE (class)

Typology

A Relational role is both a role, and a property.

Description

A Relational role both is role of a relator, and is played by an entity.

Distinctions

No Processual role is a Relational role.

No Relational role is a Social role.

RELATOR (class)

Typology	A relator is an individual.
Distinctions	No property is a relator.

RIGHT TIME BOUNDARY (class)

Definition	A Right time boundary is defined as a Time boundary that is right boundary of a chronoid.
Description	If X has as right time boundary Y then Y is a Right time boundary.
Distinctions	No Left time boundary is a Right time boundary.

ROLE (class)

Typology

A role is an individual.

Description

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a role: "plays role" and "has as role".

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a role: "is role of" and "is played by".

Examples

The following are roles: Social roles, Relational roles, and Processual roles.

SOCIAL ROLE (class)

Typology	A Social role is a role.
Distinctions	No Relational roles or Processual roles are Social roles.

SPACE ENTITY (class)

Typology	A Space entity is a Space time entity.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a Space entity: "is spatial boundary of", "occupies" and "is framed by". If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a Space entity: "is occupied by", "has as spatial boundary" and "frames".
Examples	Spatial regions, and Spatial boundaries are Space entities.
Distinctions	No Space entity is a Time entity.

SPACE TIME ENTITY (class)

Typology	A Space time entity is an individual.
Examples	Time entities, and Space entities are Space time entities.
Distinctions	No concretes or abstracts are Space time entities.

SPATIAL BOUNDARY (class)

Definition	A Spatial boundary is defined as something that is spatial boundary of a Space entity.
Typology	A Spatial boundary is a Space entity.
Description	If X has as spatial boundary Y then Y is a Spatial boundary. If X is spatial boundary of Y then X is a Spatial boundary.
Examples	The following are Spatial boundaries: surfaces, points, and lines.
Distinctions	No Spatial boundary is a Spatial region.

SPATIAL REGION (class)

Typology	A Spatial region is a Space entity.
Examples	A topoid is a Spatial region.
Distinctions	No Spatial boundary is a Spatial region.

STATE (class)

Typology

A state is a process.

SURFACE (class)

Definition	A surface is defined as something that is spatial boundary of a topoid.
Typology	A surface is a Spatial boundary.

SYMBOL STRUCTURE (class)

Typology

A Symbol structure is a category.

Description

If X is token of Y then Y is a Symbol structure.

If X has as token Y then X is a Symbol structure.

Distinctions

No concept is a Symbol structure.

No Symbol structure is an universal.

TEMPORAL REGION (class)

Typology	A Temporal region is a Time entity.
Description	If X is time boundary of Y then Y is a Temporal region. If X has as time boundary Y then X is a Temporal region.
Examples	A chronoid is a Temporal region.
Distinctions	No Temporal region is a Time boundary.

THING (class)

Others	An entity is defined as a thing.
Examples	An axiom0 is a thing.

TIME BOUNDARY (class)

Definition	A Time boundary is defined as something that is a Left time boundary, or is a Right time boundary. A Time boundary is defined as something that is time boundary of a Temporal region.
Typology	A Time boundary is a Time entity.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a Time boundary: "has as time boundary" and "exists at". If X is time boundary of Y then X is a Time boundary.
Distinctions	No Temporal region is a Time boundary.

TIME ENTITY (class)

Typology	A Time entity is a Space time entity.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a Time entity: "is temporal part-of" and "is projection of". If X projects to Y then Y is a Time entity.
Examples	Time boundaries, and Temporal regions are Time entities.
Distinctions	No Space entity is a Time entity.

TOPOID (class)

Typology

A topoid is a Spatial region.

UNIVERSAL (class)

Typology	An universal is a category.
Distinctions	No Symbol structures or concepts are universals.