Natural Language View: GFO

ABSTRACT (class)

Typology	An abstract is an individual.
Distinctions	No abstract is a space time, or a concrete.

ACTION (class)

Typology	An action is an occurrent.
Description	An action has as agent a presential.

AMOUNT OF SUBSTRATE (class)

Definition	An amount of substrate is defined as a mass entity.
Typology	An amount of substrate is both a presential, and a continuous.

AWARENESS LEVEL (class)

Typology	An awareness level is a level.
Description	An awareness level is abstract part of a mental stratum.

BIOLOGICAL LEVEL (class)

Typology	A biological level is a level.
Description	A biological level is abstract part of a material stratum.

CATEGORY (class)

Typology	A category is an item.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a category: "is instance of", "has as category" and "has as categorial part". If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a category: "is instantiated by" and "has as categorial part".
Examples	The following are categories: universals, symbol structures and ontological layers, and so on (4 items in total).
Distinctions	No category is an individual.

CAUSES (object property)

Description

The property "is agent in" is a sub-property of "causes".

X is caused by Y if and only if Y causes X.

CHANGE (class)

Typology	A change is an occurrent.
Examples	The following are changes: intrinsic changes, instantanuous changes and extrinsic changes, and so on (4 items in total).
Distinctions	No change is a process, or a history.

CHEMICAL LEVEL (class)

Typology	A chemical level is a level.
Description	A chemical level is abstract part of a material stratum.

CHRONOID (class)

Typology

A chronoid is a temporal region.

Description

If X is time boundary of Y then Y is a chronoid.

If X has as time boundary Y then X is a chronoid.

CONCEPT (class)

Typology	A concept is a category.
Examples	A function is a concept.
Distinctions	No concept is an universal, or a symbol structure.

CONCRETE (class)

Typology	A concrete is an individual.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a concrete: "is part of", "has as token" and "has as part". If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a concrete: "is part of" and "has as part".
Examples	The following are concretes: tokens, roles and property values, and so on (6 items in total).
Distinctions	No abstract is a concrete. No concrete is a space time.

CONFIGURATION (class)

Typology	A configuration is a presential.
Examples	A situation is a configuration.
Distinctions	No configuration is a material object, or a material boundary.

CONFIGUROID (class)

Typology	A configuroid is a process.
Examples	A situoid is a configuroid.

CONTINUOUS (class)

Definition	A continuous is defined as an individual that is not a discrete.
Typology	A continuous is an individual.
Examples	The following are continuous: mass entities, continuous process, and amounts of substrate.

CONTINUOUS CHANGE (class)

Definition	A continuous change is defined as an intrinsic change.
Typology	A continuous change is a change.

CONTINUOUS PROCESS (class)

Typology	A continuous process is both a process, and a continuous.
Distinctions	No continuous process is a discrete process.

DEPENDENT (class)

Definition	A dependent is defined as something that depends on an item.
Typology	A dependent is an individual.
Examples	The following are dependents: relational roles, property values and properties, and so on (4 items in total).
Distinctions	No dependent is an independent.

DEPENDS ON (object property)

Description

The property "is boundary of" is a sub-property of "depends on".

If X depends on Y then Y is an item.

If X depends on Y then X is an item.

X depends on Y if and only if Y is necessary for X.

DISCRETE (class)

Typology	A discrete is an individual.
Examples	Discrete process, and discrete presentials are discretes.

DISCRETE PRESENTIAL (class)

Typology	A discrete presential is both a presential, and a discrete.
Description	A discrete presential is instance of a persistant.
Examples	Material structures, and material objects are discrete presentials.
Distinctions	No discrete presential is a mass entity.

DISCRETE PROCESS (class)

Typology	A discrete process is both a process, and a discrete.
Distinctions	No continuous process is a discrete process.

EMPTY SET (individual)

Typology

Empty Set is a set.

ENTITY (class)

Definition

An entity is defined as something that is an item, or is a set.

Description

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is an entity: "is member of" and "is instance of".

If X has as member Y then Y is an entity.

Examples

Sets, and items are entities.

EXISTS AT (object property)

Description

If X exists at Y then Y is a time boundary.

If X exists at Y then X is a presential.

The object property "exists at" is functional.

EXTRINSIC CHANGE (class)

Definition	An extrinsic change is defined as an instantanuous change.
Typology	An extrinsic change is a change.
Distinctions	No extrinsic change is an intrinsic change.

FRAMES (object property)

Description

If X frames Y then Y is a material object.

If X frames Y then X is a topoid.

X is framed by Y if and only if Y frames X.

The object property "frames" is inverse-functional.

FUNCTION (class)

Typology

A function is a concept.

Description

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a function: "has as requirement", "has as goal", "has as functional item" and "has as function determinant".

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a function: "realizes", "has as function" and "is function determinant of".

HAS AS AGENT (object property)

Description

X is agent in Y if and only if Y has as agent X.

HAS AS BOUNDARY (object property)

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "has as boundary": "has as time boundary" and "has as spatial boundary".

X is boundary of Y if and only if Y has as boundary X.

The object property "has as boundary" is inverse-functional.

HAS AS CATEGORIAL PART (object property)

Typology

The property "has as categorial part" is a sub-property of "is abstract has part".

Description

If X has as categorial part Y then Y is a category.

If X has as categorial part Y then X is a category.

X is categorial part of Y if and only if Y has as categorial part X.

HAS AS CATEGORY (object property)

Description

If X has as category Y then Y is a category.

If X has as category Y then X is an ontological layer.

X is category in layer Y if and only if Y has as category X.

HAS AS CONSTITUENT PART (object property)

Typology	The property "has as constituent part" is a sub-property of "has as proper part".
Description	X is constituent part of Y if and only if Y has as constituent part X.
Others	If X has as constituent part Y then X is a configuration, or is a configuroid.

HAS AS FUNCTION (object property)

Description

If X has as function Y then Y is a function.

If X has as function Y then X is an individual.

X is function of Y if and only if Y has as function X.

HAS AS FUNCTION DETERMINANT (object property)

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "has as function determinant": "has as requirement", "has as goal" and "has as functional item".

If X has as function determinant Y then Y is an individual.

If X has as function determinant Y then X is a function.

X has as function determinant Y if and only if Y is function determinant of X.

HAS AS FUNCTIONAL ITEM (object property)

Typology

The property "has as functional item" is a sub-property of "has as function determinant".

Description

If X has as functional item Y then Y is a role.

If X has as functional item Y then X is a function.

X is functional item of Y if and only if Y has as functional item X.

The object property "has as functional item" is functional.

HAS AS GOAL (object property)

Typology

The property "has as goal" is a sub-property of "has as function determinant".

Description

If X has as goal Y then X is a function.

X is goal of Y if and only if Y has as goal X.

HAS AS LEFT TIME BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology

The property "has as left time boundary" is a sub-property of "has as time boundary".

Description

X has as left time boundary Y if and only if Y is left boundary of X.

The object property "has as left time boundary" is functional.

HAS AS MEMBER (object property)

Description

If X has as member Y then Y is an entity.

If X has as member Y then X is a set.

X has as member Y if and only if Y is member of X.

HAS AS PART (object property)

Typology

The property "has as part" is a sub-property of "is abstract has part".

Description

The property "has as proper part" is a sub-property of "has as part".

If X has as part Y then Y is a concrete.

If X has as part Y then X is a concrete.

X has as part Y if and only if Y is part of X.

The property "has as part" is transitive.

HAS AS PARTICIPANT (object property)

Description

If X has as participant Y then Y is a presential.

If X has as participant Y then X is an occurrent.

X has as participant Y if and only if Y participates in X.

HAS AS PROPER PART (object property)

Typology

The property "has as proper part" is a sub-property of "has as part".

Description

The property "has as constituent part" is a sub-property of "has as proper part".

X has as proper part Y if and only if Y is proper part of X.

The property "has as proper part" is transitive.

HAS AS REQUIREMENT (object property)

Typology

The property "has as requirement" is a sub-property of "has as function determinant".

Description

If X has as requirement Y then X is a function.

X has as requirement Y if and only if Y is requirement of X.

HAS AS RIGHT TIME BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology

The property "has as right time boundary" is a sub-property of "has as time boundary".

Description

X has as right time boundary Y if and only if Y is right boundary of X.

The object property "has as right time boundary" is functional.

HAS AS SEQUENCE CONSTITUENT (object property)

Description

X has as sequence constituent Y if and only if Y is sequence constituent of X.

HAS AS SPATIAL BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology

The property "has as spatial boundary" is a sub-property of "has as boundary".

Description

If X has as spatial boundary Y then Y is a spatial boundary.

X has as spatial boundary Y if and only if Y is spatial boundary of X.

HAS AS TIME BOUNDARY (object property)

Typology

The property "has as time boundary" is a sub-property of "has as boundary".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "has as time boundary": "has as right time boundary" and "has as left time boundary".

If X has as time boundary Y then Y is a time boundary.

If X has as time boundary Y then X is a chronoid.

X has as time boundary Y if and only if Y is time boundary of X.

HAS AS TOKEN (object property)

Typology

The property "has as token" is a sub-property of "is instance of".

Description

If X has as token Y then Y is a concrete.

If X has as token Y then X is a symbol structure.

X has as token Y if and only if Y is token of X.

HAS AS VALUE (object property)

Description

If X has as value Y then Y is a property value.

If X has as value Y then X is a property.

X has as value Y if and only if Y is value of X.

HISTORY (class)

Typology

A history is an occurrent.

Distinctions

No change is a history.

No history is a process.

INDEPENDENT (class)

Typology	An independent is an individual.
Examples	A social role is an independent.
Distinctions	No dependent is an independent.

INDIVIDUAL (class)

Definition	An individual is defined as something that is an abstract, is a concrete, or is a space time, is a dependent, or is an independent, and is a role, or is an individual, and is not a role.
Typology	An individual is an item.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is an individual: "is role of", "is layer of" and "has as function determinant". If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is an individual: "realizes", "is on layer" and "has as function". An individual is not something that is instantiated by an item.
Examples	The following are individuals: space times, relators and presentials, and so on (9 items in total).
Distinctions	No category is an individual.

INSTANTANUOUS CHANGE (class)

Typology	An instantanuous change is a change.
Others	An extrinsic change is defined as an instantanuous change.

INTRINSIC CHANGE (class)

Typology	An intrinsic change is a change.
Others	A continuous change is defined as an intrinsic change.
Distinctions	No extrinsic change is an intrinsic change.

IS ABSTRACT HAS PART (object property)

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is abstract has part": "has as part" and "has as categorial part".

If X is abstract has part Y then Y is an item.

If X is abstract has part Y then X is an item.

X is abstract has part Y if and only if Y is abstract part of X.

The property "is abstract has part" is transitive.

IS ABSTRACT PART OF (object property)

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is abstract part of": "is part of" and "is categorial part of".

If X is abstract part of Y then Y is an item.

If X is abstract part of Y then X is an item.

X is abstract has part Y if and only if Y is abstract part of X.

The property "is abstract part of" is transitive.

IS AGENT IN (object property)

Typology	The property "is agent in" is a sub-property of the following properties: "participates in" and "causes".
Description	X is agent in Y if and only if Y has as agent X.

IS BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is boundary of" is a sub-property of "depends on".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is boundary of": "is time boundary of" and "is spatial boundary of".

X is boundary of Y if and only if Y has as boundary X.

IS CATEGORIAL PART OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is categorial part of" is a sub-property of "is abstract part of".

Description

The property "is category in layer" is a sub-property of "is categorial part of".

X is categorial part of Y if and only if Y has as categorial part X.

IS CATEGORY IN LAYER (object property)

Typology	The property "is category in layer" is a sub-property of "is categorial part of".
Description	X is category in layer Y if and only if Y has as category X.

IS CAUSED BY (object property)

Description

X is caused by Y if and only if Y causes X.

Others

If X is caused by Y then Y is an occurrent, or is a presential.

If X is caused by Y then X is an occurrent, or is a presential.

IS CONSTITUENT PART OF (object property)

Typology	The property "is constituent part of" is a sub-property of "is proper part of".
Description	X is constituent part of Y if and only if Y has as constituent part X.

IS FRAMED BY (object property)

Typology

The property "is framed by" is a sub-property of "occupies".

Description

If X is framed by Y then Y is a topoid.

If X is framed by Y then X is a material object.

X is framed by Y if and only if Y frames X.

The object property "is framed by" is functional.

IS FUNCTION DETERMINANT OF (object property)

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is function determinant of": "is requirement of", "is goal of" and "is functional item of".

If X is function determinant of Y then Y is a function.

X has as function determinant Y if and only if Y is function determinant of X.

IS FUNCTION OF (object property)

Description

X is function of Y if and only if Y has as function X.

IS FUNCTIONAL ITEM OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is functional item of" is a sub-property of "is function determinant of".

Description

If X is functional item of Y then X is a role.

X is functional item of Y if and only if Y has as functional item X.

IS GOAL OF (object property)

Typology	The property "is goal of" is a sub-property of "is function determinant of".
Description	X is goal of Y if and only if Y has as goal X.
Others	If X is goal of Y then X is a configuration, or is a configuroid.

IS INSTANCE OF (object property)

Description

The property "has as token" is a sub-property of "is instance of".

If X is instance of Y then Y is a category.

If X is instance of Y then X is an entity.

X is instance of Y if and only if Y is instantiated by X.

IS INSTANTIATED BY (object property)

Description

If X is instantiated by Y then X is a category.

X is instance of Y if and only if Y is instantiated by X.

IS LAYER OF (object property)

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is layer of": "is stratum of" and "is level of".

If X is layer of Y then Y is an individual.

If X is layer of Y then X is an ontological layer.

X is layer of Y if and only if Y is on layer X.

IS LEFT BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Description

X has as left time boundary Y if and only if Y is left boundary of X.

The object property "is left boundary of" is inverse-functional.

IS LEVEL OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is level of" is a sub-property of "is layer of".

Description

If X is level of Y then X is a level.

X is level of Y if and only if Y is on level X.

IS MEMBER OF (object property)

Description

If X is member of Y then Y is a set.

If X is member of Y then X is an entity.

X has as member Y if and only if Y is member of X.

IS NECESSARY FOR (object property)

Description

If X is necessary for Y then Y is an item.

If X is necessary for Y then X is an item.

X depends on Y if and only if Y is necessary for X.

IS OCCUPIED BY (object property)

Description

If X is occupied by Y then Y is a presential.

If X is occupied by Y then X is a space.

X is occupied by Y if and only if Y occupies X.

The object property "is occupied by" is inverse-functional.

IS ON LAYER (object property)

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is on layer": "is on stratum" and "is on level".

If X is on layer Y then Y is an ontological layer.

If X is on layer Y then X is an individual.

X is layer of Y if and only if Y is on layer X.

IS ON LEVEL (object property)

Typology

The property "is on level" is a sub-property of "is on layer".

Description

If X is on level Y then Y is a level.

X is level of Y if and only if Y is on level X.

IS ON STRATUM (object property)

Typology

The property "is on stratum" is a sub-property of "is on layer".

Description

If X is on stratum Y then Y is a stratum.

X is on stratum Y if and only if Y is stratum of X.

IS PART OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is part of" is a sub-property of "is abstract part of".

Description

The following properties are sub-properties of "is part of": "is sequence constituent of" and "is proper part of".

If X is part of Y then Y is a concrete.

If X is part of Y then X is a concrete.

X has as part Y if and only if Y is part of X.

The property "is part of" is transitive.

IS PROJECTION OF (object property)

Description

X projects to Y if and only if Y is projection of X.

The object property "is projection of" is inverse-functional.

IS PROPER PART OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is proper part of" is a sub-property of "is part of".

Description

The property "is constituent part of" is a sub-property of "is proper part of".

X has as proper part Y if and only if Y is proper part of X.

The property "is proper part of" is transitive.

IS REALIZED BY (object property)

Description

X is realized by Y if and only if Y realizes X.

IS REQUIREMENT OF (object property)

Typology	The property "is requirement of" is a sub-property of "is function determinant of".
Description	X has as requirement Y if and only if Y is requirement of X.
Others	If X is requirement of Y then X is a configuration, or is a configuroid.

IS RIGHT BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Description

X has as right time boundary Y if and only if Y is right boundary of X.

The object property "is right boundary of" is inverse-functional.

IS ROLE OF (object property)

Description

If X is role of Y then Y is an individual.

If X is role of Y then X is a role.

IS SEQUENCE CONSTITUENT OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is sequence constituent of" is a sub-property of "is part of".

Description

If X is sequence constituent of Y then Y is a symbol sequence.

If X is sequence constituent of Y then X is a token.

X has as sequence constituent Y if and only if Y is sequence constituent of X.

IS SPATIAL BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is spatial boundary of" is a sub-property of "is boundary of".

Description

If X is spatial boundary of Y then Y is a space.

If X is spatial boundary of Y then X is a spatial boundary.

X has as spatial boundary Y if and only if Y is spatial boundary of X.

IS STRATUM OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is stratum of" is a sub-property of "is layer of".

Description

If X is stratum of Y then X is a stratum.

X is on stratum Y if and only if Y is stratum of X.

IS TIME BOUNDARY OF (object property)

Typology

The property "is time boundary of" is a sub-property of "is boundary of".

Description

If X is time boundary of Y then Y is a chronoid.

If X is time boundary of Y then X is a time boundary.

X has as time boundary Y if and only if Y is time boundary of X.

IS TOKEN OF (object property)

Description

X has as token Y if and only if Y is token of X.

IS VALUE OF (object property)

Description

If X is value of Y then Y is a property.

If X is value of Y then X is a property value.

X has as value Y if and only if Y is value of X.

ITEM (class)

Definition	An item is defined as something that is a category, or is an individual.
Typology	An item is an entity.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is an item: "is necessary for", "depends on", "is abstract part of" and "is abstract has part". If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is an item: "is necessary for", "depends on", "is abstract part of" and "is abstract has part". An item is not something that has as member an entity.
Examples	Individuals, and categories are items.
Distinctions	No item is a set.

LEVEL (class)

Typology	A level is an ontological layer.
Description	A level is abstract part of a stratum. If X is on level Y then Y is a level. If X is level of Y then X is a level.
Examples	The following are levels: physical levels, personality levels and chemical levels, and so on (5 items in total).
Distinctions	No level is a stratum.

LINE (class)

Definition	A line is defined as something that is spatial boundary of a surface.
Typology	A line is a spatial boundary.

MASS ENTITY (class)

Typology	A mass entity is both a presential, and a continuous.
Others	An amount of substrate is defined as a mass entity.
Distinctions	No discrete presential is a mass entity.

MATERIAL BOUNDARY (class)

Typology	A material boundary is both a presential, and a dependent.
Description	A material boundary depends on a material object.
Examples	The following are material boundaries: material surfaces, material points, and material lines.
Distinctions	No configuration is a material boundary. No material boundary is a material object.

MATERIAL LINE (class)

Typology	A material line is a material boundary.
Description	A material line is boundary of a material surface.
Distinctions	No material line is a material surface, or a material point.

MATERIAL OBJECT (class)

Definition	A material object is defined as a material structure.
Typology	A material object is a discrete presential.
Description	A material object is framed by exactly one thing. A material object is framed by a topoid. If X frames Y then Y is a material object. If X is framed by Y then X is a material object.
Distinctions	No material boundaries or configurations are material objects.

MATERIAL PERSISTANT (class)

Typology	A material persistant is a persistant.
Description	A material persistant is instantiated by only a material object.

MATERIAL POINT (class)

MATERIAL STRATUM (class)

Typology

A material stratum is a stratum.

MATERIAL STRUCTURE (class)

Typology	A material structure is a discrete presential.
Others	A material object is defined as a material structure.

MATERIAL SURFACE (class)

Typology	A material surface is a material boundary.
Description	A material surface is boundary of a material object.
Distinctions	No material points or material lines are material surfaces.

MENTAL STRATUM (class)

Typology

A mental stratum is a stratum.

OCCUPIES (object property)

Description

The property "is framed by" is a sub-property of "occupies".

If X occupies Y then Y is a space.

If X occupies Y then X is a presential.

X is occupied by Y if and only if Y occupies X.

The object property "occupies" is functional.

OCCURRENT (class)

Typology	An occurrent is a concrete.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is an occurrent: "projects to" and "has as participant". If X participates in Y then Y is an occurrent.
Examples	The following are occurrents: process, histories and changes, and so on (4 items in total).
Distinctions	No occurrent is a presential.

ONTOLOGICAL LAYER (class)

Typology

An ontological layer is a category.

Description

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is an ontological layer: "is layer of" and "has as category".

If X is on layer Y then Y is an ontological layer.

Examples

Strata, and levels are ontological layers.

PARTICIPATES IN (object property)

Description

The property "is agent in" is a sub-property of "participates in".

If X participates in Y then Y is an occurrent.

If X participates in Y then X is a presential.

X has as participant Y if and only if Y participates in X.

PERSISTANT (class)

Typology	A persistant is an universal.
Description	A persistant is instantiated by a presential.
Examples	A material persistant is a persistant.

PERSONALITY LEVEL (class)

Typology	A personality level is a level.
Description	A personality level is abstract part of a mental stratum.

PHYSICAL LEVEL (class)

Typology	A physical level is a level.
Description	A physical level is abstract part of a material stratum.

PLAYS ROLE (object property)

Description

If X plays role Y then Y is a role.

If X plays role Y then X is a thing.

POINT (class)

Definition	A point is defined as something that is spatial boundary of a line.
Typology	A point is a spatial boundary.

PRESENTIAL (class)

Typology	A presential is both an individual, and a concrete.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a presential: "participates in", "occupies" and "exists at". If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a presential: "is occupied by" and "has as participant". A presential exists at exactly one thing. A presential exists at a time boundary.
Examples	The following are presentials: material boundaries, mass entities and discrete presentials, and so on (5 items in total).
Distinctions	No occurrent is a presential.

PROCESS (class)

Typology	A process is an occurrent.
Examples	The following are process: states, processual roles and discrete process, and so on (5 items in total).
Distinctions	No histories or changes are process.

PROCESSUAL ROLE (class)

Typology	A processual role is both a role, and a process.
Description	A processual role is role of a process.
Distinctions	No processual role is a social role, or a relational role.

PROJECTS TO (object property)

Description

If X projects to Y then Y is a temporal region.

If X projects to Y then X is an occurrent.

X projects to Y if and only if Y is projection of X.

The object property "projects to" is functional.

PROPERTY (class)

Typology

A property is both a dependent, and a concrete.

Description

If X is value of Y then Y is a property.

If X has as value Y then X is a property.

Distinctions

No property is a relator.

PROPERTY VALUE (class)

Definition

A property value is defined as something that is value of a property.

Typology

A property value is both a dependent, and a concrete.

Description

If X has as value Y then Y is a property value.

If X is value of Y then X is a property value.

REALIZES (object property)

Description

If X realizes Y then Y is a function.

If X realizes Y then X is an individual.

X is realized by Y if and only if Y realizes X.

RELATIONAL ROLE (class)

Typology

A relational role is both a role, and a dependent.

Description

A relational role is role of a relator.

Distinctions

No processual role is a relational role.

No relational role is a social role.

RELATOR (class)

Typology	A relator is an individual.
Distinctions	No property is a relator.

ROLE (class)

Typology

A role is a concrete.

Description

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a role: "plays role" and "has as functional item".

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then X is a role: "is role of" and "is functional item of".

Examples

The following are roles: social roles, relational roles, and processual roles.

SET (class)

Typology	A set is an entity.
Description	If X is member of Y then Y is a set. If X has as member Y then X is a set.
Examples	Empty Set is a set.
Distinctions	No item is a set.

SITUATION (class)

Typology

A situation is a configuration.

SITUOID (class)

Typology

A situoid is a configuroid.

SOCIAL ROLE (class)

Typology	A social role is both a role, and an independent.
Distinctions	No relational roles or processual roles are social roles.

SOCIAL STRATUM (class)

Typology

A social stratum is a stratum.

SPACE (class)

Typology	A space is a space time.
Description	If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a space: "is spatial boundary of" and "occupies". If X is occupied by Y then X is a space.
Examples	Spatial regions, and spatial boundaries are spaces.
Distinctions	No space is a time.

SPACE TIME (class)

Typology	A space time is an individual.
Examples	Times, and spaces are space times.
Distinctions	No concretes or abstracts are space times.

SPATIAL BOUNDARY (class)

Definition	A spatial boundary is defined as something that is spatial boundary of a space.
Typology	A spatial boundary is a space.
Description	If X has as spatial boundary Y then Y is a spatial boundary. If X is spatial boundary of Y then X is a spatial boundary.
Examples	The following are spatial boundaries: surfaces, points, and lines.
Distinctions	No spatial boundary is a spatial region.

SPATIAL REGION (class)

Typology	A spatial region is a space.
Examples	A topoid is a spatial region.
Distinctions	No spatial boundary is a spatial region.

STATE (class)

Typology

A state is a process.

STRATUM (class)

Typology	A stratum is an ontological layer.
Description	If X is on stratum Y then Y is a stratum. If X is stratum of Y then X is a stratum.
Examples	The following are strata: social strata, mental strata, and material strata.
Distinctions	No level is a stratum.

SURFACE (class)

Definition	A surface is defined as something that is spatial boundary of a topoid.
Typology	A surface is a spatial boundary.

SYMBOL (class)

Typology

A symbol is a symbol structure.

SYMBOL SEQUENCE (class)

Typology	A symbol sequence is a symbol structure.
Description	If X is sequence constituent of Y then Y is a symbol sequence.

SYMBOL STRUCTURE (class)

Typology	A symbol structure is a category.
Description	If X has as token Y then X is a symbol structure.
Examples	Symbol sequences, and symbols are symbol structures.
Distinctions	No concept is a symbol structure. No symbol structure is an universal.

TEMPORAL REGION (class)

Typology	A temporal region is a time.
Description	If X projects to Y then Y is a temporal region.
Examples	A chronoid is a temporal region.
Distinctions	No temporal region is a time boundary.

THING (class)

Description

If X plays role Y then X is a thing.

TIME (class)

Typology	A time is a space time.
Examples	Time boundaries, and temporal regions are times.
Distinctions	No space is a time.

TIME BOUNDARY (class)

Typology

A time boundary is a time.

Description

If any of the following relationships hold between X and Y then Y is a time boundary: "has as time boundary" and "exists at".

A time boundary is time boundary of a chronoid.

If X is time boundary of Y then X is a time boundary.

Distinctions

No temporal region is a time boundary.

TOKEN (class)

Typology

A token is a concrete.

Description

A token is instance of a symbol structure.

If X is sequence constituent of Y then X is a token.

TOPOID (class)

Typology

A topoid is a spatial region.

Description

If X is framed by Y then Y is a topoid.

If X frames Y then X is a topoid.

UNIVERSAL (class)

Typology	An universal is a category.
Description	An universal is instantiated by an item.
Examples	Value spaces, and persistants are universals.
Distinctions	No symbol structures or concepts are universals.

VALUE SPACE (class)

Typology

A value space is an universal.